Impact of Thomas Jefferson on John Adams based on David McCullough's Essay

Impact of Thomas Jefferson on John Adams based on David McCullough's bioigraphy - Essay Example Both men reveal an ongoing influence upon the other. In the later years, the author hints of a vilification of Jefferson to Adams in the mind of the popular press, yet the text itself implies otherwise, describing situations with a latent sympathy to the old comrades. Specifically, this paper will examine several key comparisons of the text which impart a moral description of Adams through ertain excesses of Jefferson. Jefferson is first introduced at the gathering of the Second Continental Congress, an opportunity the author uses to make a physical comparison with Adams, for where Adams was "stout, Jefferson was lean Where Adams was bald, Jefferson had a full head of thick coppery hair" (111). McCullough lists a number of other comparisons, of which the two most important ones were Adams hailing from Massachusetts while Jefferson came from a financially well-off Virginian aristocracy, thus, while both were extremely practiced in law, "Jefferson had never relished the practice of law as Adams had, nor felt the financial need to keep at it." (114). Jefferson is portrayed as speaking very little at this Congress, being deferential to Adams in almost all matters, although the gentlemen in general held a mutual respect and admiration for the other. Jefferson's assignment to write the Declaration of Independence is addressed by both men many years later. Jefferson recalls that he was asked and agreed, Adams claims that Jefferson tried to pass the work onto him (Adams), but that Adams refused for three reasons: 1) because that a Virginian representative should be involved in the forefront of the endeavor, 2) Adams saw himself as obnoxious and unpopular (a self-deprecation otherwise non-existent) and Jefferson the opposite, and 3) that Jefferson was the better writer. Despite Adams and the rest of the drafting committee, making minor changes, Adams promoting the skill of Jefferson's writing has proven to be a boon to successive American generations. When Jefferson was chosen as an ambassador to France in 1782 and sent to join Adams and Benjamin Franklin, who were already posted in Paris, Adams lauds the selection, claiming no one else compares to Jefferson character "in point of power or virtues." (318). This warmth is wholly absent from an earlier letter Jefferson had sent to James Madison, saying Adams's "vanity is a lineament in his character (and) his want of taste I had observed" (318). Despite some waffling, however, Jefferson does admit to Adams's integrity and usefulness in the position. To be fair, Jefferson was just leaving an unwelcome stint as governor of Virginia, a tenure culminating in his narrow escape from British invasion. Perhaps his vehemence in describing Adams is therefore related to an attempt to inflate his own worthiness, a latent desperation to receive the posting himself. For upon his arrival in Paris, Jefferson resumed very close relations with the entire Adams family. McCullough does point out a dis tinct difference in lifestyle here, for Jefferson, rather than assuming the modest lifestyle of the Adamses and living on the outskirts of the city, instead takes an apartment in the heart of the city and goes on wild shopping sprees. He lives in such a constant state of

The British Thought about Colonialism Literature review

The British Thought about Colonialism - Literature review Example In the colored community, very less skill level people are there and job opportunities are more in the manufacturing sector, women and racial or ethnic minorities are less to possess the human capital and its characteristics are associated in its job opportunities. To get a job one has to be skilled in a particular area. Every company looks for an ideal candidate who should be an asset to the company and should not become a liability. Colored groups (immigrants from Asia and Africa) earn less compared to whites. So which is different wages for each category or group? In cultural context colored women are not allowed to grow in their career life or in personal life, they prefer not to work outside the home. Compared to colored the Whites are more liberal and enjoy gender equality provided by the European countries constitutional laws. Whatever the reasons there still exists inequality among these groups. The Morant Bay issue shows how the English tend to show their prevalent masculinity and representations in the ascension to power of the middle class whose concept of gentility was based on religion and dignity. In this case, Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill stood up to for those who are oppressed under the whites.

India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

India - Essay Example In his finding, he discovered that the Machiguenga gave out the smallest amount possible, and none of the second players rejected the offer no matter how small. Unlike the Machiguenga, the Westerners had a tendency to share things on an equality basis. Other people would reject a high offer. A repeat of the experiment in different parts of the world proved similar results. According to the study, Henrich concludes that humans are not similar throughout the world as believed by social scientists who focused their research in America. A system that works for the Westerners could fail in the east. According to Michael Brown, for thousands of years, spirituality has been, and still is a major factor in the Indians lives (History King 1). Everything they do is in accordance with their belief. In India, the people live together as one despite their diversity. Millions of people celebrating their religions gather in the River Ganges during the Komhala festival every year. The westerner could probably never understand the Indians way of life. How a man could renounce every material thing to pursue a spiritual life is still a puzzle to the British. The answer is the two worlds define civilization differently. The Western culture embraces individualism, materialism, rationality, and masculinity. On the contrary, India bases their civilization on renunciation, the female, and the inner life. It is unfair to judge other people’s culture, customs, and civilization by comparing it to our own. History King. â€Å"Legacy - The Origins of Civilization - Episode 2: India, the Empire of Spirit (Documentary).† YouTube Video Clip. Jul 5, 2014. Web. March 17, 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffm-0FnVgmw Watters, Ethan. â€Å"We Aren’t the World.† Pacific Standard. Feb 25, 2013. Web. March 17, 2015.

E Commerce Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E Commerce Security - Assignment Example E-commerce web applications that handle payments (electronic transactions or use of debit cards, online banking, PayPal, credit cards, or any other keepsakes) have more compliance matters stand at high, and increasing risk from interference than other websites and greater consequences arise if data gets loosed or altered. Banking services stay highly delimited, but even the least electronic retailer is pretentious to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS). Lately, this has become widely known due to improved enforcement and publicity following 2007 update to clarify and enhance requirements (Ghosh 32).  Safeguarding payment web application systems and users require a combination of technological, administrative and physical controls. Many emerging groups provide reliable security analyst facilities for organizations developing, purchasing or operating such software systems (University 13). Examples of e-commerce security projects include; threat modeling, develo pment of the security model, PCI DSS review and compliance, risk assessment and security awareness training, web site security review, web vulnerability assessment, e-commerce web penetration testing, code security review, electronic crime and Application layer firewall (a web application firewall - WAF) selection (Francesco 33).  Electronic crime, sometimes regarded to as e-crime, cybercrime or technology crime, refers to crimes which can only be committed by use of information technology such as data theft, payment fraud, and phishing. Software called CrimeWare, which can help man-in-the-middle bouts, key logging and botnets are increasingly easy to catch and deploy against relevant targets. Particularly, e-commerce websites get often seen as the "hot spots", especially by organized criminals. While some one-off attacks might be as a result of angry customers, ongoing and organized attacks are more probable to be undertaken within by staff or from outside by organized criminals. The fascination of obtaining payment card details and bank account and the fraud which may subsequently be attempted by the use of compromised data implies that e-commerce applications, like banking services, become a particularly popular target (Ghosh 43).

Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Research Paper

Political Considerations and Managing Political Risk in an Ever Evolving Global Marketplace - Research Paper Example This paper declares that the increased rate of globalization throughout the world has created a dynamic in which decision-makers within international business must consider able to factors as a means of continuing to expand the markets in which they operate and generate an even higher level of profitability. Ultimately, even a cursory level of business analysis reveals the fact that a company which does not focus itself on development and expansion will ultimately collapse and become nonviable. As a direct interpretation of this, it is necessary for firms to be international in their scope and to continually attempt to broaden the overall level of consumers that they are able to engage with. As the paper stresses recognizing how to manage political risk while conducting international business is an essential element that managers should be able to comprehend and understand. Without this understanding managers will be at a disadvantage and will place themselves at risk and even in harm’s way if they are not careful. Political landscapes shape businesses that operate overseas. These landscapes must be navigated carefully and with ethics in mind. Strong core values will be essential to their success. An effective understanding of â€Å"political risk† can be effected through an appreciation of societal organization; specifically the means by which the rules of law, or lack thereof, define the way in which a given region might be represented.

Bureaucratic Politics and Intelligence in the Falklands War 1982 Essay Example for Free

Bureaucratic Politics and Intelligence in the Falklands War 1982 Essay The Farklands war began on Friday, 2 April 1982. The fight was between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK). The main dispute was over Farklands Islands and South Georgia and the other Islands known as South Sandwich. The fatalities of the violence included many people such as left-wing activists, trade unionists, students and even journalists. The Farkland Island was well known for its abundant supply of oil within its territorial waters. Argentina had already occupied the islands which was a British colony. Their main aim was to relocate attention from economical and social problems at that particular time (Grant, 2000, 3). Therefore, it was a political contrive by the Argentine political government to break away from its own state of social conflicts. Jorge Rafael Videla’s military dictatorship as part of the Operation Condor carried out the state terrorism. The Farklands conflict marked the great use of modern weapon systems under the military theorists. All the main elements of military theory came into practice at that period. This included several elements such as public enthusiasm, national determination, opportunity and miscalculation. Additionally, the war was itself an inquisitive combination of modern high-tech warfare and low-tech. The British forces were much outnumbered on the war ground. They never had the exact air true covers and only what they had was the aircraft that came with the task force. The bureaucratic politics played a major role in ensuring the victory of the British during the Farklands war. For instance, four factors are said to have neccessitated the British success. This includes, effective and sufficient training of the military, good leadership by the political leaders who gave them a lot of support, courage in the army and above all the Britain’s closest supporter, the United States. The endorsement of the United State’s policy towards the Farklands conflict provides an adequate evidence of how bureaucratic politics was involved during the war. The proper response of the above mentioned policy was properly constituted and played at the highest levels of the Reagan administration. The process was mainly confined entirely to the executive branch which was by that time dominated by the conformist view of the America’s place in the whole world. On the other hand, Graham T. Allison’s bureaucratic politics did not support the acceptance of the foreign policy goals. The president Reagan’s leadership style, the relationship of assorted personalities, conflicting interpretations of national interest and the opposing bureaucratic imperatives played a main role in creating a situation that was being characterized by disperse power and multiple actions in the war (Gustafson, 1998, 14). During the 1982 Falklands war, the Thatcher government attempted to assume an isolated and remote colony in the South Atlantic as British sovereign territory was very important in ensuring the mobilization of the media and also the support for the war recovery campaign. The re-imaginative process also included the role of the rural imagery. Additionally, the government-imposed censorship enhanced positive reporting of the war campaign. During the Falklands war, there were some negotiations between the two sides to avoid war but an agreement was never reached. This means that the use of diplomacy had failed in the Falklands Islands (Mauro, nd, 3). The main reason that constituted to this disagreement is that, there was a lot of misconstruction between the British and the Argentines. For instance, The Argentines never believed that the British would retaliate and on the other hand, the British always fought to believe that Argentina wanted a peaceful solution. Regarding the president’s personalities they were required to remain and appear very strong in terms of the diplomatic principles. The diplomatic solution was however not reached in the Falklands due to the political self-preservation, practical obstructions and diplomatic principle that were being practiced by the political leaders. During that time of war, the Argentina’s rulers were under the General Galtieri, a murderous, unpopular military junta. When they invaded the Falklands islands, they decided to make themselves less unpopular at home with the forces of Argentine prejudice behind them. This enabled them to be aware of all what was happening in the world around them and support Galtieri invasion and occupation. Margaret Thatcher together with her government in Britain was at that particular time very unpopular at home too. As a result of 1982 defeat, a vicious and incompetent dictatorship was overthrown in Argentina and then democracy was restored back (Robert, 1988, 428). The army was subjected to a civilian rule and was also transformed into modern professional institutions that were devoted to regional integration and peace. The Role of Intelligence in Explaining the War of Falklands 1982. The Britain intelligence professionals disregarded signs of political unrest and particular military intelligence communications from Argentina. As a result of their ignorance, they were vulnerable to surprise attacks. Another factor that contributed to the acceleration of the Falkland conflict was the neglected United State diplomatic efforts and reactions. The British were enjoying the privilege to access the U. S intelligence in their policy making. Intelligence was only considered to be the main determining factor in making of foreign policy that was being used during the war (Justin, 2007, 6). Application of intelligence enabled the successful conduct of the military operations of the Britain and the Argentina government. Domestic ratification of international agreement which seemed so much peculiar was applied during the Farkland war. In win-set game theory, the agreement was only possible if those win-sets overlaps and the larger each win-set and more probably they overlap. However, the smaller the win-sets, the more the risk those negotiations between the parties will finally break down. This was the same case that applied during the prolonged pre-war Anglo-Argentine conciliation over the Farklands islands. Tentative agreements were opposed in one capital or the other. This was mainly caused by political reasons when it became vivid that the earlier British and Argentine win-sets did not overlap at. As a result, the war became virtually inevitable. The negotiations were interpreted in terms of a bureaucratic politics model of level 11 politicking The armed forces of Britain were much closer to those of the United States and their air forces worked together during the Falklands war. The Britain also had well collaboration of weapons programme which was very strong in the nuclear area (Sean, 2007, 9). Additionally, there was much co-operation on human intelligence between Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Britain’s Secret Intelligence service (SIS). The intelligence services included satellite photos, unmanned aerial vehicles and other defense intelligence staff. Therefore, the Britain found it much easier to re-conquer Falklands because of the American intelligence. The Argentines used up-to date intelligence together with their detailed skills and knowledge. For instance, the Argentine ships were sailing to and around the Falkland Islands testing the Argentine defenses. During the Falklands conflict, France seemed to be very helpful to the Britain in support of intelligence. For instance, President Mitterrand instructed the French intelligence services to help the Britain track the movements of an Argentine ship that sailed close to France and Spain and was suspected of trying to get French-made military hardware. Additionally, the selective discharges of French signals intelligence were of great benefit to the Britain during the Falklands war. References Gustafson, L 1988, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands, Oxford University Press, New York Justin, V 2007, Argentina and Britain: the lessons of war, viewed 5 August 2010 from http://www. opendemocracy. net/conflict-falklands_malvinas/lessons_vogler_4495. jsp Mauro, J nd, The Falklands Islands War: Diplomatic Failure in April 1982. Wake forest University, viewed on 5 August 2010 from http://www. historymatters. appstate. edu/documents/falklandislandswar_000. pdf Robert, D 1988, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Game. International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, p. 427-460. Viewed 5 August 2010 from http://portal. uam. es/portal/page/portal/UAM_ORGANIZATIVO/Departamentos/CienciaPoliticaRelacionesInternacionales/personal/fernando_rodrigo/pagina_personal_fernando_rodrigo/teoria_relaciones_inter/Textos/Putnam-%20The%20Logic%20of%20Two-Level%20Games. pdf Sean, M 2007, Some Reflections on the Falklands War and the Kitsch-left Now Viewed on 5 August 2010 from http://www. workersliberty. org/node/8076 Grant, C 2000, Intimate Relations, viewed 5 August 2010 from http://www. cer. org. uk/pdf/cerwp4. pdf

Social And Technological Factors Also Affect The Company Marketing Essay

Social And Technological Factors Also Affect The Company Marketing Essay Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors also affect the company as a whole. If the Political or Economical condition of the country is not strong, this can affect the business as well. Political Factors Politics affects the business a lot; because a company must follow certain rules or regulations (laws) made by the government. Creation of different laws depends upon the ruling political party. For example, the end of Cold War has been a big change for weapon makers. Moreover Political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the firm must operate. Some examples include: Tax policy Employment laws Environmental regulations Trade restrictions and tariffs Political stability Economic Factors The economic condition of the country and state has a great influence on the company progression. The different economic policies, which affect business, are Taxation Interest rates Currency rate Public economic condition (either people are poor or rich) Inflation rate Social Factors Social values, beliefs, religion and culture really affect the business. Business must be according to social aspects. For example, in Pakistan we cannot sale or purchase things like wine, because it is against Islamic faith. Another example is of wearing shorts by the women. Here it is unsocial, so we cannot start the business of selling shorts to women. Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macro environment. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: Health consciousness Population growth rate Age distribution Career attitudes Emphasis on safety Technological Factors The most challenging factor for marketing manager is technological factor, because growth of the company depends upon the innovation and for innovation, the use of new technology is very much important. In order to beat the competitors, an organization must have effective research, planning and marketing of new products and for this purpose new machinery, techniques and ideas are very much important Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technological factors include: RD activity Automation Technology incentives Rate of technological change Porters Five Forces The pure competition model does not present a viable tool to assess an industry. Porters Five Forces attempts to realistically assess potential levels of profitability, opportunity and risk based on five key factors within an industry. This model may be used as a tool to better develop a strategic advantage over competing firms within an industry in a competitive and healthy environment. It identifies five forces that determine the long-run profitability of a market or market segment Power of suppliers An industry that produces goods requires raw materials. This leads to buyer-supplier relationships between the industry and the firms that provide the raw materials. Depending on where the power lies, suppliers may be able to exert an influence on the producing industry. They may be able to dictate price and influence availability. A segment is unattractive when an organizations suppliers have the ability to: Increase prices without suffering from a decrease in volume Reduce the quantity supplied Organize in a formal or informal manner Compete in an environment with relatively few substitutes Provide a product/material that is a critical part of the end product or service Impose switching costs on their customers when they depart Integrate downstream by purchasing or controlling the distribution channels. Power of buyers The power of buyers describes the impact customers have on an industry. When buyer power is strong, the relationship to the producing industry becomes closer to what economists term a monopsony. A Monopsony is a market where there are many suppliers and one buyer. Under these market conditions, the buyer has the most influence in determining the price. The bargaining power of buyers increases when they have the ability to: Be organized in some form with others providing similar products and services Purchase a product that represents a significant fraction of the buyers costs Buy a product that is undifferentiated Incur low switching costs when they change vendors Be price sensitive, with other options available Integrate upstream, to purchase the providers of the goods. Barriers to entry/exit The possibility of new firms entering the industry impacts competition. A key is to assess how easy it is for a new player to enter an industry. The most attractive segment has high entry barriers and low exit barriers. The definable characteristics of each industry protect profitable areas for firms and inhibit additional rivals from entering the market. These inhibitive characteristics are referred to as barriers to entry. Barriers to entry are unique characteristics to each industry. They reduce the rate of entry of new firms and, therefore, maintain a level of profits for current industry competitors. Barriers to entry can be created or exploited to enhance a firms competitive advantage. Barriers to exit work similarly to barriers to entry, Exit barriers limit the ability of a firm to leave the market and can exacerbate rivalry unable to leave the industry, a firm must compete. Substitute products Porters Five Forces model refers to substitute products as those products that are available in other industries that meet an identical or similar need for the end user. As more substitutes become available and affordable, the demand becomes more elastic since customers have more alternatives. Substitute products may limit the ability of firms within an industry to raise prices and improve margins. Rivalry Firms strive to secure a competitive advantage over their rivals. The intensity of rivalry varies within each industry and these differences can be important in the development of strategy. For example, the intensity of rivalry is increased by the following industry characteristics: Numerous competitors that are particularly strong or aggressive that are competing for the same customers and resources Declining sales revenues and volumes resulting in slow market growth, creating the need to actively fight for market share High fixed costs result in an economy of scale effect High storage costs or highly perishable products Plant capacity is being added, over and above what is needed to meet demand Low switching costs for buyers Low levels of product differentiation Strategic stakes are high when a firm is losing market position or has potential for great gains High exit barriers place a significant cost on abandoning the product. Discuss and Propose Segmentation Criteria to be used for any of two products of the above company in different markets (Pass) Market Segmentation: -Market segmentation divides market into smaller units that can be reached more efficiently and effectively. Market segmentation is divided into four groups. Geographic Segmentation Geographic segmentation is dividing the market into different geographical groups e.g. countries, regions, cities, towns etc World region or country (Europe, Middle East, India, china, Pakistan) Demographic Segmentation Demographic segmentation is dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender, family size, family life cycle, income occupation, education, religion and nationality. Age: -Consumer needs and wants change with age. Companies offer different products for different age groups e.g. Johnsons baby lotion for kids, play stations for teen ages etc Gender: -Gender segmentation is dividing the market into different groups based on gender e.g. clothes for males and females etc Income: -Income segmentation is dividing the market into different income groups. Marketers produce products and services for different income segmented groups such as automobile industry, boats, clothings etc Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation is dividing a market into different groups based on social class life style or personality characteristic. Behavioral Segmentation Behavioral segmentation is dividing a market into groups based on consumer knowledge, attitude, uses (potential users/non users) or their response to a product. Occasions Is dividing the market into groups according to occasion when buyers get the idea to buy, actually make their purchase or use the purchased item e.g. orange juice is most often consumed at break fast but orange juice manufacturers have promoted drinking orange juice as a cool and refreshing drink at other times of the day. DOMINOS PIZZA The bottom of the pizza, called the crust, may vary widely according to style thin as in a typical hand-tossed pizza , or thick as in a typical pan pizza or deep pan pizza It is traditionally plain, but may also be seasoned with garlic, or herbs, or stuffed with cheese. In Dominos, pizza can be baked in an oven above the heat source, an electric deck oven, a conveyor belt oven or, in the case of more expensive restaurants, a wood- or coal-fired oven. On deck ovens, the pizza can be slid into the oven on a long paddle, called a peel, and baked directly on the hot oven or baked on a screen (a round metal grate, typically aluminum). Another option is grilled pizza in which the crust is baked directly on a barbecue grill. Each ingredient used in the pizzas has a different value and a different need and all these ingredients are value added features. This differentiates dominos from other local pizza parlors in Pakistan. Demographic Segmentation: Age: Attracts children (6-15), teenagers and young adults (16-22), and general adults. Family aspect is the basis of dominos. It got strong aspects about families visiting it. Income: Income Level: This is also an important variable on which segmentation can be carried out. People belonging to the lower income groups can not afford to buy dominos pizza will target that segment whose income puts them in the upper middle and higher income groups. Social Class: dominos caters to the upper- upper middle to middle upper social class. Occasions: Birthday Parties, Get together. SERVICE Free delivery and take away counters have eased that service that dominos offers. This changes the outlook and satisfies customers demands on time. Overall if we see, the differentiation is all on quality and hygiene and this provides the best value for the customers money. A benefit of the hygienic factor and deliciousness is the quality that dominos has offered through out. Psychographic Segmentation: Life StyleSocial Class: Buyers are divided into different groups based on social class and life style. Many consumers live a simple life style and belong to lower and middle class; they dont spend on buying pizza. So dominos should target that segment living a high class life and can afford to buy pizza. Behavioral Segmentation: Occasion: The other segment can be of regular occasions, which includes parties and get together. Foreigners: This can be an important segment for dominos because those who come from abroad are very brand conscious. DOMINOS SANDWICHES Dominos Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work or school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces or savoury spreads. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavor and texture. They are widely sold in dominos outlets. Geographic Segmentation: Regions: Commonly people prefer to eat sandwich. So dominos can segment the market on the basis of people taste. Cities: Consumption of sandwiches is more in the large cities as compared to the small cities or town due to various factors such as income and education level. dominos should focus more on making its sandwiches available in the cities where people are willing and able to buy. Demographic Segmentation: Age: dominos can easily target various age groups. The most important of these groups are children and young peoples. For children it can introduce club sandwiches with additional nutritional contents such as cheese and minerals. For older people it already has salad sandwiches . A smaller segment can be of the people who are aging. These people can be convinced that the sandwiches will help their diet remain healthy (especially women). Gender: It will be very beneficial to target working women and men. If they are convinced that the sandwiches will be good for their health during working hour specially in tight working schedule. Income and occupation: People will buy sandwiches when they have enough monetary resources. Dominos should target people in the higher income groups. People with blue collar jobs can be targeted by telling them that the sandwiches will help them in their daily routine. Life cycle stage can also be important because families with younger kids will want to buy sandwiches. Psychographic segmentation: Social class and life style: People belonging to the higher social classes tend to spend more on luxuries as compared to people in the lower classes. Such people can be easily targeted as they are very health conscious. dominos can urge these people (along with diet conscious) to buy their line of diet sandwiches. Discuss any two factors which influence the choice of targeting strategy (Pass) Target Market Selection Target marketing tailors a marketing mix for one or more segments identified by market segmentation. Target marketing contrasts with mass marketing, which offers a single product to the entire market. Two important factors to consider when selecting a target market segment are the attractiveness of the segment and the fit between the segment and the firms objectives, resources, and capabilities. Attractiveness of a Market Segment The following are some examples of aspects that should be considered when evaluating the attractiveness of a market segment: Size of the segment (number of customers and/or number of units) Growth rate of the segment Competition in the segment Brand loyalty of existing customers in the segment Attainable market share given promotional budget and competitors expenditures Required market share to break even Sales potential for the firm in the segment Expected profit margins in the segment Market research and analysis is instrumental in obtaining this information. For example, buyer intentions, sales force estimates, test marketing, and statistical demand analysis are useful for determining sales potential. The impact of applicable micro-environmental and macro-environmental variables on the market segment should be considered. Suitability of Market Segments to the Firm Market segments also should be evaluated according to how they fit the firms objectives, resources, and capabilities. Some aspects of fit include: Whether the firm can offer superior value to the customers in the segment The impact of serving the segment on the firms image Access to distribution channels required to serve the segment The firms resources vs. capital investment required to serve the segment The better the firms fit to a market segment and the more attractive the market segment, the greater the profit potential to the firm. Target Market Strategies There are several different target market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the following: Single-segment strategy: -Is also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies with limited resources. Selective specialization: -This is a multiple-segment strategy which is also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. The product itself may or may not be different in many cases only the promotional message or distribution channels vary. Product specialization: -The firm specializes in a particular product and tailors it to different market segments. Market specialization: -The firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products. Full market coverage: -The firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. Discuss how buyer behavior affects marketing activities in different situations in light of the assigned companies (Pass) Buyer Behavior In addition to understanding the needs of your customers, you also need to understand what motivates them to purchase, and how you can influence the buying process to ensure that your products or services are on the shopping list. Understanding your customers will help you to develop and distribute your product, as well as getting the right price point and developing successful promotional activities. The psychology of the buying process has been widely studied, and no matter what size your business, knowledge of this process can help you become more successful. Both businesses and consumers exhibit patterns of buying behavior. The business model is less open to debate as your business customers will almost certainly have some formalized process of buying in place. Your task is to understand the process and match your marketing activities to the different stages of the process. This means that the customer will receive the right kind of contact at the right time. Marketing in Dominos: Marketing is based on the principle of customer satisfaction. This is the foundation for the environmental marketing approach of dominos. Environmental product claims in advertising, promotional material and on packaging are in accordance with legal requirements, based on solid scientific evidence and used in a serious and reasonable manner. Their aim is to minimize wastage in communication, publicity and promotional material, in particular through more precise targeting of marketing activities. Consumer promotions and merchandising material such as consumer offers, in store promotions, display material, leaflets, printed matter, etc. take environmental aspects into account. This means due consideration of environmental impact in selecting both materials and printing methods. In distribution, energy efficient and pollution controlled methods are encouraged wherever possible. The attractiveness of ads may attract consumers Strong brand image also help in attracting customers that influence their buying behavior. Quality of product its price packaging also influence buyers behavior The distribution channels, the placement of products also influence the behavior. 3.1 Describe how products are developed to sustain competitive advantages . Now a days technology is improving so as baking and heating ovens will be of new and efficient technology and will provide efficient service. Due to new technology there are new ways of marketing like internet; telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. Computer based customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions, future forecasting and decision making. New vehicles will make their service more efficient. Dominoz pizza is the market leader in providing different products of pizzas as there are many competitors in this sector. There good image makes the organization more strong. Dominoz pizza is providing good taste, quality products with qualified staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialized in pizzas. Motivation level of staff is very high which make the organization more prosperous. They are ISO (International Standard Organization) certified. They have enough resources for operating different activities of the organization. They are providing free home delivery service. Another big Strength and even a Competitive Advantage is the fact that they have a full service restaurant as well as delivery services. Most of Dominoz pizzas competitors do not have restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Dominoz pizza can market too many different segments that other pizza chains cannot. However, the fact that Dominoz pizza does have a restaurant to run is also a weakness. Dominoz pizza has higher overhead costs, due to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Dominoz pizza must charge. Obviously, Dominoz pizza is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices. They are providing less range of products comparatively with high prices. They are more focused on Western taste instead of Eastern. New markets can be explored and new opportunities they can gain. Dominoz pizza can come up with the new products considering the Eastern taste of the people as like McDonalds . Diversification of new products can increase their market share. They can reduce their prices because of more resources. 3.2 Explain how distribution is arranged to provide customer convenience Distribution It refers to the best place to offer program. That is the place where it is located and through what channels are we distributing programs and the competitive advantage lies in distribution. The Dominoz pizza islamabad is situated in blue area.. Secondly the catchment area is of a specified minimum size and within a given drive time to the site. Distribution The type of distribution channel used by Dominoz pizza is the direct channel. The direct channel is successful when there is an extremely large market that is geographically dispersed. The direct channel is also useful when there are a large number of buyers, but a small amount purchased by each. Dominoz pizza uses three different methods of selling its products directly to the market. The first method of distribution used by Dominoz pizza is Home. Office delivery. Customers can call Dominoz pizza ahead of time, place an order, and the order is delivered to the customers home. Another method of distribution is for customers to dine-in. Customers can go to the nearest Dominoz pizza, place an order and either leave with the order or eat at the restaurant. One of Dominoz pizzas largest competitive advantages is its restaurant style facility. Dominoz pizza offers a clean place to sit down and enjoy the variety of pizzas, salads, and sandwiches in a fun, family atmosphere. The third method of distribution is to order Online. Selective County Customers can now go on the Internet and place an order for Pizza. This method is useful because it allows customers to view the entire menu, download any special coupons, and order without having to disclose any credit card numbers. 3.3 Explain how prices are set to reflect an organizations objective and market conditions. Pricing Strategy The level of competition a business faces determines its pricing strategy. Sometimes a business has the scope to set its price and sometimes a business cannot. When a business has the scope to set its price there is a number of pricing strategies or policies it might choose. As there are no such competitors of Dominoz pizza which could compete with the quality of pizza produced at Dominoz pizza, therefore, the pricing strategy adopted by Dominoz pizza is market skimming. Dominoz pizza has adopted this pricing strategy as they want to hold maximum share of the market by maximum profit. This is a golden era for Dominoz pizza, as there are no competitors and hence, Dominoz pizza is free to charge any price they want. They are charging higher prices due to the uniqueness of the product. They satisfy the target market as the food quality is worth the price paid. The pricing strategy is not just to get the worth of quality but also to gain maximum profits before any competitor enters becau se then Dominoz pizza will have to change its pricing strategy. Although the prices would be lowered with the new entrants in the market but not to a greater extent as the quality food products are not home-produced. They are imported from different countries keeping in view the best Quality. 3.4 Illustrate how promotional activity is integrated to achieve marketing objectives Promotional Activity This forced competitors to look for new methods of increasing their customer bases. Many pizza chains decided to diversify and offer new non-pizza items such as Buffalo wings, and Italian cheese bread. The current trend in pizza chains today is the same. They all try to come up with some newer, bigger, better, pizza for a low price. Offering special promotions and new pizza variations are popular today as well. For example, chicken is now a common topping found on pizzas. In the past, Dominoz pizza has always had the first mover advantage. Their marketing strategy in the past has always been to be first. One of their main strategies that they still follow today is the diversification of the products they offer. Dominoz pizza is always adding something new to their menu, trying to reach new markets. For example, in 1992 the famous buffet was launched in Dominoz pizza restaurants worldwide. They were trying to offer many different food items for customers who didnt necessarily want pizza. Another strategy they used in the past and are still using is the diversification of their pizzas. Dominoz pizza is always trying to come up with some innovative way to make a pizza into something slightly different different enough that customers will think its a whole new product. For example, lets look at some of the pizzas Dominoz pizza has marketed in the past. In 1989, Dominoz pizza introduced their Pan Pizza, which had a guarantee of being ready to eat in 5 minutes when dining at Dominoz pizza restaurants. In 1994, they introduced the Bigfoot, which was two square feet of pizza cut into 21 slices. In 1995, they introduced Stuffed Crust Pizza, where the crust would be filled with cheese. In 1997, they marketed The Edge, which had cheese and toppings all the way to the edge of the pizza. Currently, they are marketing The Big New Yorker, trying to bring the famous New York style pizza to the whole country. 3.5 Analyze the additional elements of the extended marketing mix People The employees in Dominoz pizza have a standard uniform and Dominoz pizza specially focuses on friendly and prompt service to its customers from their employees. The employees are part time workers and full time workers (not a policy). The aprons of the employees distinguish them as Dominoz pizza workers. Process The food manufacturing process at Dominoz pizza is transparent and hidden (the whole process is not visible to the customers). Physical Evidence Dominoz pizza focuses on clean and hygienic interiors of its outlets and at the same time the interiors are attractive and the Pizza maintains a proper etiquette at its joints. The design, furnishing, lighting, layout and decoration of the Pizza chain as well as the appearance and attitudes of its employees will influence customer perceptions of the service quality and experiences. Now another component of the service experience can be the Eviction Model which illustrates the various invisible and visible factors which influence the customers experience. 4.1 Recommend marketing mixes for two different segments in consumer markets Segmentation Main segments which Dominoz pizza has captured are the combination of higher incomes and dual career families , due to higher income consumer have more disposable income , allowing them to eat out more often . Dominoz pizza holds the most market share in the Pizza industry, the perceived quality and service of the company will help to ensure a better the average chance at a successful introduction of a new product. The introduction of a product that keeps with today trends is also important to reduce the risk of failure. Dominoz pizza maximum market segment is younger generations. These generation ranges from 12 to 30, the overall spending of these generations is mostly on non essential items, the higher amount of spending has been done on eating out.