Confusing Terms In Authorship - The Writers For Hire

CONFUSING TERMS IN AUTHORSHIP You glance at the cover of the memoir you are reading, and realize that the author of the book is not exactly clear. There is a name on the bottom, but below that there is yet another name. So, what does it all mean? In the process of creating content for a book, there is frequently more than one person who contributes to the writing. The way these people are credited on the final product varies, depending on author preference and the level of involvement they had in the book’s creation. To set things straight, we have come up with a list of confusing terms, and what they mean. Author: This is the person responsible for the creation of the book. They supply the overall ideas and stories for the book. This is also the person who frequently (but not always) will do the majority of the writing for the book. Most often, then name of the author is clearly stated somewhere on the front cover of the book. Writer: This is the person who takes all of the ideas for the book, and turns those ideas into the written content that becomes a book. Sometimes the writer and author are the same person, other times they are not. Ghostwriter: A ghostwriter is a writer who is hired by the author to turn their ideas and stories into actual written content. Frequently the ghostwriter’s identity remains anonymous, as does the fact that a ghostwriter was even used. The ghostwriter flies under the radar, and credit for the book goes to the author. Co-Author or Collaborator: These are people who bring additional story ideas and research into the book. They collaborate with the author to conceptualize (and frequently write) the content for a book. Occasionally, a ghostwriter will be credited on a book and referred to as a co-author or collaborator. Editor: This is the person who reviews the writing and makes sure that the style and format is consistent throughout. They also make sure that the content flows well, and does not leave any gaps or areas of confusion. Editors will also frequently suggest changes to make the story better and more marketable. Co-Editor: This is the editor’s partner-in-crime. They support the editor, and help with all of the functions involved with editing a book. Proofreader: Once the final content has been written and edited, this is the person who takes a fine-toothed comb through it and makes sure that it is free of any grammatical, spelling, or typographical errors. This is the person who is responsible for making sure that the final product is ready to go to print. Pen Name: Also called a nom de plume or a pseudonym, a pen name is an assumed name used by an author, in place of their own name. There are numerous reasons why an author may choose to use a pen name. To find out more, check out our blog on pen names and the famous authors who use them.

Free Essays on Gay Marriage

On television last night, Rosie O’Donnell, the popular comedian and former talk show host was talking about her recent marriage to another woman. The pair had traveled to San Francisco, CA where the mayor, Gavin Newsom had legalized same sex marriages, and got married in a city court. A few days later the court was ordered to stop issuing marriage licenses to same sex couples by the United States government. The subject of same sex marriage is a very controversial topic in the United States. Same sex marriage has be legalized in some states and banned in others. It is a topic that has passionate supporters and as passionate protesters. This topic is so controversial that the Senate voted July 14, 2004 to block the White House-backed Federal Marriage. The vote was 48-50, 12 short of the 60 needed to keep the measure alive. Six Republicans joined dozens of Democrats in dissent. Dissenters claimed that the regulation of marriage should be left to the states (Resources, 2004). The defeat of the Federal Marriage Amendment was a huge victory for gay rights advocates that assert that marriage is a right, which should not be limited to opposite-sex, couples. In the United States, activists of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples point out that there are over 1000 federal rights and benefits denied same-sex couples by excluding them from participating in marriage. A legal denial of rights or benefits afforded to others, they say, directly contradicts the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution, which provides for equal protection and substantive due process under the law, meaning that rights conferred to one group cannot be denied to another (Resources, 2004). In the 2003 case before the Supreme Court titled Lawrence v. Texas, the court held that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by substantive due process under the Fourteenth Amendment (Bidstrup, 2004). Many proponents of same-sex marriage hav... Free Essays on Gay Marriage Free Essays on Gay Marriage Would legalization of gay marriage be good for the gay community?† Sam Isaacson wrote an article analyzing the opinion of the gay community on legalizing same sex marriages. It is somewhat of a controversial issue with the gay community whether or not marriage is a good thing. He divides the community into two groups: integrationists and liberationists. The controversy is caused because of these two different philosophical views. The integrationists want to be as normal as can be. They want to â€Å"integrate† themselves into society. On the other hand, the liberationists cherish their gay culture with their own customs and values. The integrationists want gay marriage and the liberationists object to same sex marriage. Isaacson’s belief is to consider the objections of the liberationists. However, he believes that legalization of marriage would benefit gays and society. The liberationists do not care for being part of the â€Å"normal† society. They believ e marriage would take away from their way of living and would show that marriage is the right way to live. Isaacson states, â€Å"We not only abandon the sexual minorities of our community, we strengthen society’s narrow notion of what is â€Å"normal† and thereby further confine both straights and gays.† Liberationists do not want to lose the unique characteristics of gay culture. Some gay writers have said, â€Å"Gays have been forced to create different forms of relationships that often allow for a greater and often more fulfilling range of life experiences.† Gays are more likely to stay friends with their ex-girlfriends/boyfriends and they form very close relationships without becoming romantically involved. The communication in their relationships is better than most straight couples. The liberationists think that marriage â€Å"limits and normalizes personal freedom. They do not want to be faced with the social pressures of marriage and their cultu re is forgotten. Isaacson agrees ... Free Essays on Gay Marriage The American Family; Redefined Currently, the United States military is engaged in a war with the country of Iraq. As stated by United Stated president George W. Bush, the primary purpose of this war is to liberate the citizens of Iraq. With this liberation according to, Bush, the U.S. hopes to provide and form this nation into a democratic one, in which individuals are privileged with the freedoms of choice and equal rights. The irony and subsequent resulting scrutiny by anti-war groups stems from the fact that such liberties do not apply to certain individuals, right here in America. Among those deprived individuals are homosexual couples who desire to start a family. Presently in America it is extremely difficult for gay and lesbian couples to marry or have children, either through surrogate mother means, arranged natural means or even adoption. Thus, their equal and civil rights are stripped and so-called equality made non-existent. The Constitution declares that we are a nation that takes pride in liber ty and justice for all, not just the fortunate few. For this reason, homosexuals in all the states of the United States should be able to get married and freely become parents. They should have the same rights that are afforded to what the Constitution mandated: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. In order for this change to come about, the socially constructed definitions of the words ‘marriage’ and ‘family’ need not only be redefined but reestablished and readily understood by the masses. Currently marriage is defined as a contract between woman and man (Badian 364). Further, in most spectrums of society a family is cons... Free Essays on Gay Marriage On television last night, Rosie O’Donnell, the popular comedian and former talk show host was talking about her recent marriage to another woman. The pair had traveled to San Francisco, CA where the mayor, Gavin Newsom had legalized same sex marriages, and got married in a city court. A few days later the court was ordered to stop issuing marriage licenses to same sex couples by the United States government. The subject of same sex marriage is a very controversial topic in the United States. Same sex marriage has be legalized in some states and banned in others. It is a topic that has passionate supporters and as passionate protesters. This topic is so controversial that the Senate voted July 14, 2004 to block the White House-backed Federal Marriage. The vote was 48-50, 12 short of the 60 needed to keep the measure alive. Six Republicans joined dozens of Democrats in dissent. Dissenters claimed that the regulation of marriage should be left to the states (Resources, 2004). The defeat of the Federal Marriage Amendment was a huge victory for gay rights advocates that assert that marriage is a right, which should not be limited to opposite-sex, couples. In the United States, activists of equal marriage rights for same-sex couples point out that there are over 1000 federal rights and benefits denied same-sex couples by excluding them from participating in marriage. A legal denial of rights or benefits afforded to others, they say, directly contradicts the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution, which provides for equal protection and substantive due process under the law, meaning that rights conferred to one group cannot be denied to another (Resources, 2004). In the 2003 case before the Supreme Court titled Lawrence v. Texas, the court held that intimate consensual sexual conduct was part of the liberty protected by substantive due process under the Fourteenth Amendment (Bidstrup, 2004). Many proponents of same-sex marriage hav... Free Essays on Gay Marriage Recently, the local radio station has been airing some commercials to get people thinking. These commercials are of an African-American man in modern day society who is unequally separated from white people. In one commercial he is told to sit at the back of an airplane, in another he is told to use a separate facility for colored people at his work. By the end of the commercials the question is asked â€Å"what would today be like if Martin Luther King never had a dream?† These commercials are played so that we can see what positive change has been made. We look back on how we treated people and we are disgusted with our own behavior yet putting a ban on same sex marriages is the same concept. Not allowing gay or lesbian couples to marry is an example of modern day suffrage in the gay community. Homosexuals have the right to speak freely, bear arms, and have privacy yet under law they are separated from the general population because they do not have the right to wed and be family. Twenty years from now society will look back and ask themselves what authority did we have to grant rights on the basis of preference. It is unconstitutional, here in America, to disperse rights on the basis of gender. This ban on same sex marriages has defied what our founding fathers based this country on. Further more, this ban will not hold up due to the full faith and credit law. In a nutshell it says that if a marriages is valid in one state, then its valid in the remaining forty nine states. This law is in effect because currently there are thirteen states that allow Same sex marriages. Homosexuals are often viewed as Unclean, Obsessed with sex, and having STDs. People often view them in that perspective because the relation shipside is hard to see. If a couple is not married but still being intimate it is more likely they will be seen as â€Å"lovers† rather than a â€Å"loving couple†. Same sex couples are also looked at as ... Free Essays on Gay Marriage Should homosexual marriages be legally recognized? On June 10, 2003, the first same-sex marriage ceremony in North America took place in Ontario, Canada. This was a huge step for homosexual equality and unity, but according to the Christian/political right, it creates a dwindling grip on the importance of a heterosexual relationship. Marriage is a union unlike any other in the history of our world, and homosexuality is one of the most troublesome issues today. Therefore, the two intertwined create an uproar concerning America’s advancement to same-sex legalization. The controversy surrounding homosexual marriage includes many common misconceptions concerning one’s rite to marriage. The public’s main arguments in opposition concerning legalization: destroying the significance of a marriage’s unique institution and procreation, the anti-religious foundation gay marriages exemplify, and the public’s views of homosexuality to be Sodomy. Legalization is undoubtedly worried, scared and/or angry that per mission could ruin our country. This country will be able to one day, over come its fears and adjust to this very unique change. Before the argument of gay marriage is discussed, one cannot elude from the public’s judgment of marriage and homosexuality. Andrew Sullivan, respected scholar, states in Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con that, â€Å"Marriage is alternately praised and derided as a lynchpin of a procreation, love, power, economics, convenience, morality and civil rights. Homosexuality generally evokes opposing judgments: It is seen as a perversion; a source of identity, love, and desire; a freely chosen lifestyle, a fabricated personality, a revolution against the status quo† (Sullivan xix). Homosexuals are aware of the long-standing argument against same-sex marriage. Many heterosexuals believe that â€Å"a partnership between two people of the same gender is not the same, and certainly not equal, to a state sanction...

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Frankenstein - Essay Example Shelley's novel opens with several letters written by the storyteller, Robert Walton to his sister, Margaret Saville, in England as Walton himself is on a grand voyage to the end of the earth. The series of letters sets the stage for introducing Victor Frankenstein who Walton meets during his voyage. And then, the rest of the book recounts Frankenstein's story of his life. I was especially glued to Shelley's vivid descriptions of locales, the changing seasons, how the characters looked and their emotions at different parts of the story. The writing was so colorful that it was better than watching a movie. Shelley's story also depicted the sensibilities of the age, especially the differing natures and primary pursuits of various countries and peoples in Europe and England. It portrayed the importance that some individuals put on science and other intellectual pursuits while others choose to occupy themselves primarily with commerce and the accumulation of wealth. Shelley depicted the interplay of good and bad in human character and very successfully did so. Personally, my realization was that there is always reason why people do certain things and that this reason is primarily good in the view of the person acting on the reason. Before I read the original text of Frankenstein, I had very many misconceptions about the story. I had thought Frankenstein was the monster, or Victor Frankenstein was a mad scientist, or that a Mrs. Frankenstein actually came into being. All this was probably brought on by the different stories I heard on the same subject. I never thought that I would consider Frankenstein a literary masterpiece that has made it become a classic. Actually reading the novel has of course changed all that. It was quite easy for me to get a copy of Frankenstein because it was available in the Project Gutenberg collection. A remarkable novel such as what Mary Shelley has written over 200 years ago can now be easily accessed, read, dissected, analyzed or merely perused for enjoyment. The Gutenberg collection has over 3 million titles and over 25,000 of these are freely accessible. Indeed, in this age of computers it is quite marvelous to be able to look back at somebody's work from hundreds of years ago, learn from it and get inspired by it. Who is Victor Frankenstein (Reflective Essay) It is amazing to realize that Victor Frankenstein, the character created by Mary Shelley in her famous novel some 200 years ago may well be any one of us, today. Shelley may have over dramatized the pursuits of Frankenstein in her book but the character of Victor, his aspirations, his focused pursuit of objectives, his joys and sorrows are as human as they were then as they are now. Victor, at the story's opening is from a family with means. But as he relates the story of his parents, it was not so in the past, rather a series of ups and downs in terms of economic well-being. That initial story already depicts human histories that are true

Franchising of SMEs in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Franchising of SMEs in China - Essay Example Franchising in China proposes great opportunities for local businesses and international small and medium-size enterprises to expand their activities and enter new markets. Following Welsh et al (2006): "franchising is seen as a means of obtaining scarce capital, as the franchise is generally required to make a substantial investment in the business. Franchisees share risk with the franchiser. Franchising is also identified as a way of addressing the agency problem, specifically, the issue of monitoring managers" (2006, p. 130). In China, key to the success of the organization is the mutually dependent relationship between the two companies-the franchisors and the franchise. Miller and Grossman (1986) described franchising as an organizational form structured by a long-term contract whereby the franchisor (usual owner) of a product and service grants the non-exclusive rights to a franchise for the local (in this case Chinese) distribution of the particular product or service. The franchise has to pay a fee and ongoing royalties and agrees to follow to quality standards. Also, a franchise can be defined as "an incentive distribution system for organizing individual firms pursuing their own rewards" (Abbott 1998, p. 76). Taking this perspective into account, researchers determine the phenomenon as an inter-organizational form. A possible, roughly natural rate of SME density also has limited implications for policies designed to promote 'entrepreneurship'. The logic is as follows: Let's assume that heading a small firm is an important mark of entrepreneurship, since the founder of a firm that quickly disappears may be less entrepreneurial than the leader of an SME that exists and survives, whether or not the leader was the original founder. In this analysis, the number of SMEs then becomes a proxy for the number of 'entrepreneurs': Entrepreneurs are the independent leaders of SMEs (Abbott 1998). Once economists accept that this assumption is one logical proxy of entrepreneurial activity (although by no means the only one), we can then say that a roughly natural rate of SME density implies there is little that can help, or hinder, ent repreneurship at the national level in a broadly liberal trading environment (Ambler & Witzel 2003). Ratios of 'entrepreneurs' (leaders of SMEs) are somewhat constant across European national populations. If one measures entrepreneurial activity by the rates of start-ups, then the analysis would change; but it is not clear that high start-up rates on a national scale really correlate with economic success either. The lowest start-up rates in Europe are in rich Sweden, the highest are in southern Europe, where unemployment is high and GDP per capita is lower. Definitions of entrepreneurship should encompass success measured by economic production and profits, and not just frenetic activities, primarily in the low-tech service sector (Justis & Judd 1999). In China, the majority of franchising companies operate as SMEs. In emerging markets like China, "retail franchising can sometimes supplant traditional and local cultural elements, which over time can lead to homogenization and westernization of preferences, especially among the youth. The older generations and the political establishments often resist such cultural shifts" (Welsh et al 2006, p. 132).

Jacques Louis Davids and Edouard Manets paintings Essay

Jacques Louis Davids and Edouard Manets paintings - Essay Example The essay "Jacques Louis David’s and Edouard Manet’s paintings" gives a review of Edouard Manet’s "The Dead Christ with Angels" and Jacques Louis David’s "The Death of Socrates". The publisher and printmaker John Boydell wrote Sir Joshua Reynolds about the painting; "the greatest effort of art since the Sistine Chapel and the stanze of Raphael. This work would have done honor to Athens at the time of Pericles." The subject of the painting loosely bases on Plato’s Phaedo. In painting it though, David consulted various sources. These include the 1758 monograph by Diderot on dramatic poetry and the poetry works of Andre Chenier. A pose by a figure at the bed’s foot on the painting is believed to have been inspired by passages in a book by English writer Richardson. The painting is well composed with various forms contributing to the unity therein. A visual foundation is provided by the dominating darkness, giving contrast to lighter figures. The few rich and light colors spread out with ease against the dark. A shallow stage provides the background, with activity being confined in a narrow space that is contained and unified by the wall at the back creating severely bounding space. The chromatic color used is predominantly warm, with cool colors being subdued, appearing almost grey. A horizontal rectangle bounds all the action, with figures fitting within the contained space. Continuities and lighting along the figure to the left up to Socrates’ arm create a flat, wide pyramid that presents a unified mass.

The Most Famous Online Shopping Website In China Marketing Essay

The Most Famous Online Shopping Website In China Marketing Essay Abstract Taobao is the most famous online shopping website in China. It was launched in 2003 and within two years it became the leader of Chinas online shopping market. In order to keep the leadership position in increasingly intense competition and sustain its development, Taobao needs to modify and better its strategies for future development. Furthermore, its marketing strategies can also provide a good example for other online shopping companies. This essay is going to make an overall analysis on Taobaos business strategies by SWOT. Key words: Taobao; marketing strategies; SWOT analysis Content 1. Introduction 3 2.1 Leading position in Chinas online shopping market 4 2.2 Effective combination of diversified offerings 4 2.3 Precise market positioning 5 3.1 Limiting itself to local market 6 3.2 Insufficient screen process to control counterfeit products 6 4. Opportunities 7 4.1 Growing demand for online shopping in China 7 4.2 Government support 7 4.3 Safer payment systems for online transactions 7 5. Threats 8 5.1 Low entry barrier leads to fierce competition 8 5.2 Strict policy for third parties payment license 8 5.3 Higher logistics costs 8 6 Conclusions 9 Bibliography 10 1. Introduction Taobao operates a website, Taobao.com which is the largest Internet retail website in China. According to its website the transaction volume on Taobao (gross merchandise volume or GMV) exceeded RMB200 billion (US$29 billion) in 2009. Taobao launched in 2003, is owned by Alibaba Group, which is a family of Internet-based businesses. (Taobao, n.d.) Taobao provides not only online platforms but also third-party online payment services (Alipay) and instant messaging services (Aliwangwang) Platforms within Taobao include Alimama (alimama.com), an online advertising exchange and affiliate network for publishers in China. In addition, there is also a classified listing website Koubei.com. (ibid.) SWOT analysis, according to Philip Kolter, is an overall evaluation of a companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. (Kolter, 2003) As the competition in the online shopping market is becoming increasingly fierce, Taobao faces some problems as well. The purpose of this SWOT analysis is to provide a critical review of key factors that may slow down Taobaos future development. 2. Strengths 2.1 Leading position in Chinas online shopping market Taobao is an acknowledged leader in both B2C (business to consumer) and C2C (consumer to consumer) online shopping market in China. Taobao has (should be: had) more than 190 million registered users by (could use: at) the end of April, 2010. (Taobao, n.d.) It has built a strong brand and is recognised by more Netizen (which is defined as the Chinese population who have accessed the Internet in the past 6 months by China Internet Network Information Centre) (CNNIC. 2008, January 15th). The company is well-thought-of by customers which gives Taobao more advantages in competition. 2.2 Effective combination of diversified offerings Taobao combines its three segment businesses effectively to enlarge its customer base. Take Alipay as an example, it is a third-party online payment platform, provides a simpler, efficient and safe payment service for both customers and sellers. This service not only ensure (should be: ensures) the transaction security but also reduces the transaction risk for online consumers, as it enables buyers to confirm the quality of goods before releasing funds to sellers. For example, if goods are found (to be) broken or fake, customers can request Alipay to postpone the release of funds to sellers. (Taobao, n.d.) This service help (should be: helps) Taobao (to) attract more customers. In addition, an instant message (could use: messaging) service called Aliwangwang make (should be: makes) the communication between (the) buyer and seller easier. Moreover, this service enables (the) buyer and seller (to) have a directly private bargain during the transactions, which is the preference of Chinese customers. 2.3 Precise market positioning Taobao analyzed Chinas online shopping market at the beginning of its business. Different from other online shopping websites which prefer older white-collar worker(s) with higher salaries or people who like collecting and sharing, Taobao chose fashionable younger females as the target customer. This market positioning proved more suitable for Chinas market compared to other websites (apostrophe not needed) . This is one of the reasons that the growth rate of Taobao is much higher than other competitors. 3. Weaknesses 3.1 Limiting itself to local market The design of Taobao website and other supporting services were based on Chinas local market. This localisation strategy made Taobao grew (should be: grow) fast at the beginning. However, with the development of the website, this strategy limits Taobao to the Chinese market and (, therefore resulting in a) lack of presence in (the) global market. 3.2 Insufficient screen process to control counterfeit products Although Taobao has taken some measures to control the sale of fake goods, such as rating the sellers by credit value, the result was not as expected. Because of the free strategy that Taobao used, individuals can establish an online shop easily without charge and requirement. This makes it even hard to monitor and select sellers that commit fraud. Lack of effective screening processes to control the sale of counterfeit products has had a negative influence on customers confidence in Taobao. It could also affect Taobaos brand image and sales. 4. Opportunities 4.1 Growing demand for online shopping in China According to CNNIC, the number of online buyers reached 87.9 million by June 2009, increasing from 74 million in 2008 and 46 million in 2007. The online shopping penetration rate achieved 24.8% by June 2009. (CNNIC. 2010, January 15th; 2010, July 15th) As the data above shows, more people in China prefer to buy products online. Convenience and various choices could be two main reasons. This increasingly growing demand for online shopping contributed to the growth of Taobao. 4.2 Government support After the global financial crisis, (the) Chinese government provided a RMB 4 trillion stimulus package in order to boost the domestic economic growth through 2010. (the) IT industry received around 0.5% to 1% of the cash injection. (Xinhua, 2008). This gave online shopping companies strong support for future developments. 4.3 Safer payment systems for online transactions The improved online payment systems play an important role in the growth of Chinese online shopping markets. There are more flexible payment systems for customers to choose. For example, a third-party online payment system ensures the security of transaction(s) and enables customers to get their refunds easily. A simpler and safer payment for online transaction(s) attracts (should be: attract) more customers. 5. Threats 5.1 Low entry barrier leads to fierce competition Because of the low entry barrier and fast growing market, Taobao meets many challenges, particularly in the face of increased competition from new market entrants. In addition, without many technical difficulties, it is easy for other competitors to copy Taobaos business pattern. Therefore, Taobao will be forced to increase investments on advertising or technological innovation. 5.2 Strict policy for third parties payment license Recently, Peoples Bank of China issued an Administrative Measures for the Payment Services Provided by Non-financial Institutions which has raised the entry standard for third payment party. In order to get (could use: obtain) and keep the license, Taobao has to increase its expenditure on online payment. 5.3 Higher logistics costs Taobao will give customers suggestions about the logistic companies which are mostly local third party logistics providers and customers usually take the suggestions because of the lower delivery prices these companies offered, compared to other international express companies, such as DHL and UPS. However, local third party logistics recently announced that they would raise the price. As most online customers are highly prices sensitive, this will have a negative effect on Taobaos sale. 6 Conclusions According to the SWOT analysis, although there are some drawbacks which have negative effects on Taobaos future development, the advantages still outweigh the disadvantages. In addition, there are many opportunities for Taobaos further growth. This conclusion will give some suggestions for Taobaos future business expansion. First of all, in order to keep the leadership position, technological innovation is crucial for Taobao. Taobao may focus on continuous improvement of its online payment system, which is also one of its strengths, particularly in the aspect of transactions (should be transactions, without apostrophe) reliability and security. Moreover, website functions, Internet stability and high-speed access to websites are also important in providing a better user experience, which may help to attract more customers. Secondly, as Taobao has the advantage of large scale consumers and sellers, Taobao may segment its market to provide more specialized services based on different demands so that it can meet customers requirements more effectively. To sum up, it is undeniable that the future of (the) online shopping market in China is promising. Based on the statistics by CNNIC, It is in a steadily (should be: steady) development stage. In this attractive online shopping market, more complete logistics providers and payment systems will appear. These will provide Taobao more opportunities to develop in the future.

Animal Testing :: essays research papers fc

Animal testing is an issue in today's society that, whether anyone realizes it, does affect each of us. Such as transplants, vaccines, and medicine. Nearly each and every one of us today have received vaccine shots. We have all used medications. We have all heard of transplant technology. This above example I have used is farfetched. Brain transplants are not an everyday occurrence. They are not yet, at least. However, kidney and heart transplants are beginning to become a more and more common every day. Who knows what is possible with the proper research. Today there are a great deal of people who oppose animal testing in laboratory research. This is limiting our medical capabilities . Could we be holding ourselves back from medical breakthroughs such as a cure for cancer or AIDS? Animal testing is already controlled to a great extent. Many cats and dogs are killed annually by shelters and pounds. Animal testing is not as cruel as it is portrayed and is an essential to reaching medical breakthroughs. Special controls on laboratory animals have been in place since 1876. These have been revised in 1986. These laws are now more commonly known as the revised Animals Act of 1986. This law allows for scientist to perform testing while also safe guarding the animals. Prior to any testing a cost benefit analysis must be applied. In this analysis they review the potential research benefits with the potential for animal suffering. All registered facilities are also required to establish an Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) that reviews and approves procedures involving animals before they take place. This organization also inspects facilities semiannually for compliance with the AWA. At least one member of the committee must be a veterinarian. At least one member must be a "public" member, not affiliated with the institution, who represents the general community interest in the care and treatment of the animals. Research facilities must undergo many regulation to ensure animal safety. These regulations are being met on a monthly basis. (#2) There are approximately 56-100 million cats and 54 million dogs in the United States. It is estimated that 2,000 cats and 3,500 dogs are born every hour. There are an estimated 15 million dogs and cats that are put to death in pounds and shelters each year. These cats and dogs are put to their death for the lone reason that the pounds and shelters are overcrowded. Approximately 17-22 million animals are used in research laboratory's each year. That is just about 5 million more animals put to death in labs than are put to death in

Earth Studies Essay

Sheenagh Pugh gives us a very depressing view of the future in her trilogy of poems known as ‘the Earth Studies’. She gives us these views by writing very descriptive and atmospheric poems subtly conveying her opinion on world pollution. All her poems tell stories at different times of earth’s extinction for example: ‘The Craft I left in was called Esau’ was set just when the survivors left the now extinct earth, And ‘Geography 1’ and ‘Do you think we’ll ever get to see Earth, Sir’ were set when the survivors are in a different place, probably a planet.  In Sheenagh Pugh’s poems, the mood and atmosphere are very important as it helps her convey her opinion to her readers. And also it makes her poems interesting to read. The first poem that I am going to analyse is ‘The Craft I left in was called Esau’ which is the first in ‘the Earth Studies’ trilogy. This poem tells the story of human survivors leaving Earth because they destroyed it. The poems title refers to the parable of Esau, who swapped his inheritance for a bowel of potage. This is suggesting that humans made a bad barging as Esau did.  My first example of Sheenagh Pugh creating good atmosphere from ‘The Craft I left in was called Esau’ is lines 10-11 when she says ‘No bother, No big deal. I can’ t recall feeling sad’ I think this creates good atmosphere because it seems to be said very hollowly, conveying a large sense of falseness among the readers, it is as if the writer is saying something to try and hide emotion, which tells me that the writer really means the opposite. My second example from ‘The Craft I left in was called Esau’ is in line 6-7 when she says ‘People joked nervously; just like a plane flight’. I think this creates a good atmosphere with good use of the simile just like a plane flight because it is something that the readers can relate to. Also the phrase ‘nervously joked’ conveys the general mood of the survivors, who are on the flight, which is uncertainty and fear. My third example is from line 8 which says ‘ they found seats and wondered if their bags would fit’ I think this phrase discreetly shows atmosphere as the survivors are worrying over the most trivial things such as whether their bags fit after they just left their home planet because they misused its resources which caused it to be destroyed. I think that they are doing this to try and blank the past from their minds. The second poem is called ‘Do you think we’ll ever get to see Earth, Sir’. It is about two people talking about visiting Earth on excursion trips. I think this is set in around 20 years after ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ as it states that the writer used to live on Earth. The poem starts with in a very sad atmosphere, the poem is very sad and pessimistic, an example of this is ‘you won’t see what it once was’. This shows that the writer is still very sad because of earth being destroyed; it conveys the writer’s opinion and sensitivity very well. From line 11 the poem does not create much atmosphere but it does use very beautiful descriptive language to create an overall happy mood. The start of this is ‘But if you see some beautiful thing’ But signals that there is going to be a change to the mood of the poem. It also starts using very uncommon words such as damascened (which means: something is decorated by inlaying or encrusting a pattern) and iridescence (which means: spectrum of luminous or shimmering colours). One of the best examples of description I have ever read in a poem is ‘look at it as if you were made of eyes, as if you were nothing but an eye, lidless and tender. To be probed and scorched by extreme light’. I think that the aforementioned description is an amazing way of personification because it is totally original, A completely different way of describing something. Also the ending is very nicely phrased to make it sound soppy and could bring tears to some peoples eyes. The third poem is called ‘Geography one’ and is about a futuristic geography class where none of the children had ever seen Earth before. This is the last in ‘the Earth Studies trilogy’ and is a very similar the first 2 poems because some of it is very descriptive and is very emotional. In this story the teacher is showing her class slides of a volcanic region called Surtsey, which she briefly saw while she was on Earth. This helps her remember her experiences. Also this poem carries the moral of cherish the moment.  My first example of discretion and mood is from line 6 ‘Now here you see the terrific spray, the water heaved aside as the rock was thrown up’. The first part of this describes the water as a terrific spray, which is usually seen when waves crash against something, i.e. when it hits a boat. Also the waves must have been quite big as it managed to throw up a rock. My second example is from line 22-25 ‘The man here is a warden, guarding his little world from any interference, letting it grow as it was meant to’ I think this phrase shows that the writer appreciates this mans view otherwise she would not have brought him up. I also think that she envies him for having his own little world, which is his and his alone. My last example is from line 28 until the end. ‘I saw it one day in passing; it was a few years old. Just an offshore island, a stony outline softened with lichen. Someone said that’s Surtsey, and I said fancy that, but I hadn’t time to look properly’ Conclusion I think that Sheenagh Pugh is a very effective writer, but I do not think that she is that good a poet because I usually associate poetry with Rhyming words. I personally think that she should think of becoming a proper author and that she should convert her poems into short stories. I think that she is very effective at describing things and adding her own feelings. I think that in her fist poem ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ that she was very good at creating atmosphere and tension. In the other two poems, she was great at describing images.  I agree with her that we are careless with resources and that someone will have to come up with an answer soon. I think that the second poem ‘Do you think we will ever get to see earth, sir’ was my favourite poem as it had lots of description.

Purpose of literature; what can literature do

Purpose of literature; what can literature do Still Falls the Rain by Edith Sitwell is a poem on the sufferings in the world. The poem, written during World War II after the Germans bombed England, begins with the reference to the event.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of literature; what can literature do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It then spins to describing the sufferings on humankind throughout the history of the world. The theme of the poem is on human suffering through the ages. The poem’s theme is the pain and suffering that futile war inflicts on humankind. The poem depicts war as the possessor of pain and sin that humankind cannot bear. The religious undertone of the poem is evident: Still falls the rain At the feet of the Starved Man hung upon the Cross. Christ that each day, each night, nails there Have mercy on us – On Dives and on Lazarus:Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can he lp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Under the Rain the sore and the gold are as one. The poem is dominated with themes and ideas from religion and the mingling of war, showing war as the creator of human sin. Man cannot endure the suffering caused by war and it can be washed away through the sufferings of Christ. Rain is used as a metaphor for war and bloodshed through war. In the novel The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde the most intriguing part is the setting of the novel in the Victorian London and it’s binding with the plot of the novel. The duality in the character of Dr. Jekyll through his â€Å"Other† in form of Mr. Hyde expresses the lingering revolting attitude of the Londoners in the Victorian age, which was essentially an age of conformism to the prevalent ways of the time. The duality in the protagonists is actually a revolt to the constraining social discourse and norms of the Victorian era. Realism in literature is an essential part as this shows what part of the real world is close to the fictional world shown in literature. For instance, in case of the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the realism lies in the frustration of Victorian intelligentsia with the constraining norms of the era. Masao Myoshi points out that the idea of the social ideals of the Victorian era and literature is reinstated in the novel wherein the book is essentially a â€Å"vision† of the late-Victorian â€Å"wasteland† to remove all Hyde-like elements from the society to establish â€Å"an honorable public life and a joyful private one.† Fiction is â€Å"a shield with two sides, the silver and the golden: the study of manners and of character, on one hand; on the other, the description of adventure, the delight of romantic narrative.† . Realism in literature is apparent through the works of Stevenson, Haggard, Lang, and others . Realism in literature was very high in the Victorian era in Brit ish literature, which many believe was due to the Victorians’ desire to show the â€Å"mimetic capacity† of literature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Purpose of literature; what can literature do? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Realism is often described as the desire of the Victorians to frame the plot and ideas of the novel in order to contradict the reality. In other words, realism was stressed by the Victorian writers in order to present a â€Å"parallel or subjective truth† that can be considered as â€Å"no truth at all† . Therefore, realism in literature in the Victorian age was essentially a way to contradict the reality, which has been defined as â€Å"the excesses, both stylistic and narrative, of various kinds of romantic, exotic, or sensational literatures† . Therefore in a novel like Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that would make one feel that it is unrealistic, actually brought forth the realism of the novel by portraying the lingering dualism in the Victorian minds . Literature is a history book that shows the mind and heart of the people of the time and not just the events. Literature has the capacity to demonstrate the heart of the age and the interpretations of the conditions of the time. As observed in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, there was a constant dilemma in the protagonists and the duality is essentially the duality in the character of Jekyll to Hyde allows the former to do things that the polite society would consider scandalous. The movie adaption of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde reviewed in the earlier essay shows the changes brought forth from the Victorian era to the modern times in order to infuse the vibe of realism . The language of the literature and the closeness of literature too is an important aspect as this result in the development of realism in literature . The parallel drawn between the movie and the novel shows that there is a cas e for â€Å"witness literature† as in case of the Victorian social rigidity is apparent in the novel however, is lost in the film . However, it is apparent that in Stevenson’s novel the drive was to bring forth the anti realism through the development of the duality in the Dr. Jekyll character . Therefore, the purpose of literature as a bearer of realism, even if through the portrayal of anti-reality is essentially to bring forth the reality in the fictional world. Brantlinger, Patrick. Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914. New York: Cornell University Press, 1988. Print. Byerly, Alison. Realism, Representation, and the Arts in Nineteenth-Century Literature. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Advertising Looking for essay on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corkin, Stanley. Realism and the Birth of the Modern United States: Cinema, Literature. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1996. Print. Graff, Gerald. The Politics of Anti-Realism. Salmagundi, 42 (1978): 4-30. Print. Jakobson, Roman, Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy. Language in Literature. New Yrok: Harvard University Press, 1987. Print. Miyoshi, Masao. Dr. Jekyll and the Emergence of Mr. Hyde. College English, 27(6) (1966): 470-474. Print. Sitwell, Edith. Still Falls the Rain. 1940. Web. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. London: Harper Collins, 1895. Print. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Dir. John Carl Buechler. Perf. Tony Todd. 2006. DVD. White, Hayden. Figural Realism in Witness Literature. Parallax, 10(1) (2004): 113-124. Print.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman vs. the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper

Charlotte Perkins Gilman vs. the Narrator in The Yellow Wallpaper "The Yellow Wallpaper", a short story by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is the disheartening tale of a woman suffering from postpartum depression. Set during the late 1890s, the story shows the mental and emotional results of the typical "rest cure" prescribed during that era and the narrator's reaction to this course of treatment. It would appear that Gilman was writing about her own anguish as she herself underwent such a treatment with Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell in 1887, just two years after the birth of her daughter Katherine. The rest cure that the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" describes is very close to what Gilman herself experienced; therefore, the story can be read as reflecting the feelings of women like herself who suffered through such treatments. Because of her experience with the rest cure, it can even be said that Gilman based the narrator in "The Yellow Wallpaper" loosely on herself.English: Signature of American writer Charlotte Pe...Throughout the plot of "The Yellow Wa llpaper" there are many instances that show that the narrator was based upon Charlotte Perkins Gilman views on her own life.The two common themes that connect Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the narrator in her story are postpartum depression and entrapment within their roles as women in the late 1800s society. After fulfilling their expected duties as wife and mother, both Gilman and the narrator become depressed after the birth of their child. It is this depression that leads them to the infamous rest cure so widely prescribed during the late 1800's. Linda Wagner-Martin, in her essay on "The Yellow Wallpaper" describes Dr. Mitchell'streatment of the typical female seeking his world famous rest cure. Wagner-Martin states that the rest cure "depended upon seclusion, massage, immobility, and overfeeding; . . .[it] had at its...

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get Essay - 2

A policy dictating mandatory marriage classes before couples get married should be introduced - Essay Example This article therefore is a reflection of the whole process of working on this project. The reflection outlines the lessons that I have learned, the challenges that I encountered, and what can be done to bring about improvement if a similar project is to be embarked on again. The process of working on this project was long and I learned many lessons from it. Generally, three of them are patience, endurance and planning. Planning was very vital to beat the deadlines. There was a need for strict adherence to the time schedule and this called for self discipline, endurance and patience. Endurance and discipline were especially significant because a lot of time was required in sourcing the correct materials from the internet. Writing the proposal and working on the presentation was quite exhausting and required a strong will to complete. Nevertheless, the project proved useful and I learned a lot was about the topic and academic writing as I continue to discuss below. The topic of the project made it possible to view divorce from a different perspective. I now understand divorce as a serious issue whose effect can be felt by the whole nation – I did not think that divorce was this serious before. The view that marriage and, specifically, wrangles in marriage is a private issue was corrected. I found out that these wrangles are often due to lack of counseling and when divorce is the end product; the government, in the long run, has some costs to incur. ‘Marriage is a public good’ was a phrase I found appropriate in encouraging pre-marital counseling. The topic also made it possible for me to understand that marriage is not a bed of roses since it is a union of two human beings and since human being are not angels they are likely to conflict with each other. I must say I had not seriously thought of marriage from this angle. This project involved a lot of writing and as a result I learned a lot about carrying out a research and

Cover letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cover letter - Essay Example iting helps in the examination of the companies’ financial statements and report on internal controls in accordance with General Accepted Accounting Principal, while taxation helps different taxpayers, either individual or corporation in the preparation of tax returns. However, after doing some research, my in-depth analysis of the true meaning of being a tax doctor is described below. It is a job that helps in checking the health of the taxpayer’s return and assist taxpayers avoid unnecessary return audit. Tax doctors represent taxpayers to the central government. Therefore, the first ingredient is to nurture and build a trustworthy relationship with clients. I still remembered once when I volunteered at Volunteer Income Assist Program, I met a client, who had concerns on issues related to conservative and privacy. The person did not want to give answer to any questions that was asked, even about the basic information such as address and phone number. Besides, the person felt shy of speaking with our team. Therefore, I first explained the reason for asking the basic information to file the tax return and explain every detail about the each step of doing the preparing of tax. My patient and professional explanation, gradually the person began answering the questions, and kept inquiring when confused for clarification. Finally, I successfully finished tax return and the person was grateful and appreciating. Second, in order to prevent clients from probable audit risk, tax doctor should have advance knowledge on the trends, change, and procedures of the IRS. The ability to research and solve problem is also important. I participated in a PwC CaseCompetition in August 2013. Our case was to solve a given state tax problem and help increase the state’s tax revenue. As a group leader, I led my team members to analyze and to discuss the case at hand. We found that we could raise taxation on the gas, cigarette and amusement to help the government increase its